Abstract
Architecture is one of the keys to the values of a society, a reflection of a people’s aspiration, and a society’s ideas and technological experiments over periods in its history. This paper will address “modern architecture in Vietnam” focusing on the general course of its development: its practice, discourse and the built environment throughout history. The guiding questions for the main content of this paper are very fundamental: How can we define modern architecture in Vietnam? How was it formed and developed through the modern history of the country? Can we call modern architecture in Vietnam “Vietnamese modern architecture”?

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Vietnamese modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 74-81
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.2ALYXS4Z

Abstract
The influence of modern architecture became more visible in Thailand after the country shifted from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 1932 and also as a result of economic circumstances and world trends. The first generation of Thai Modernist architects (or the pioneers of modern architecture in Thailand) had their education in Europe because of the necessity to modernize Thailand. The second generation were Thai architects who received their architectural education in Thailand as well as some continuing their studies in the USA. Their works reflect the International Style with a concern for a tropical architecture vocabulary and local material utilization based on economics. As the architectural profession was declared a protected profession in 1965 for Thai architects only, there was very little modern architecture in Thailand designed by foreign architects.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Thai modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 64-73
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.MC2POIFJ

Abstract
This article situates the emergence of pioneer modern architects and architecture of Singapore in the longer history of colonial and post-colonial modernities and modernization, and in relation to socio-economic forces of capitalism and socio-political influences of the modern state in both the colonial and post-colonial eras. Rather than understand modern architecture in terms of style, this article goes behind style to explore the social, economic, technological and political conditions of producing modern architecture.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Singaporean modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 56-63
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.0448WLR4

Abstract
The 1945 battle for liberation witnessed the massive decimation of Manila’s urban built-heritage and the irreplaceable treasures of colonial architecture. Despite the seemingly impossible task to resuscitate war ravaged Manila, it rose again. Out of the ashes, modernism provided the opportunity to craft a new architecture for a newly independent nation. Modernism emerged as the period’s architectural symbol of survival and optimism. In a post-colonial cultural milieu, Filipino architects pursued the iconography of national mythology channeled through the pure surfaces and unadorned geometries of modern architecture. They found in modernism a convenient aesthetic modus to denounce the colonial vestiges embodied in the infrastructure of American neoclassicism in pre-war Manila and sought to create new-built environments that conveyed emancipation from the colonial past and celebrate the vernacular forms processed through modernist geometric simplification. Modernism, therefore, was a logical choice, for it provided a progressive image. The Philippines post-independence architecture endeavored to dispense an image that stimulated a national spirit, inspired patriotism, and invoked faith in the unknown future of the national imagination.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Philippine modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 46-55
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.UP2JBXRH

Abstract
This paper highlights the course of the development of modern architecture in Myanmar, a country with an original and vital architectural tradition. There are case studies of well-known foreign and Myanmar architects who dealt with the relationship of spatial, cultural and environmental factors of modern architecture. Some architectural masterpieces created during the second half of the 20th century between 1950 and 1970 in Yangon are presented in this article in order to highlight the inspiration, imagination and limitation of these pioneer architects. The main reason for selecting these case studies are not only because of the influences from the outside world occurred in the post-independence period, but they can reveal the intertwined logic of the nation’s identity-building. They reveal the new consciousness of globalization as well as the development of regionalism.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Myanmar modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 38-45
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.KAPXZTKX

Abstract
This paper explores the historical development of modern architecture in Malaysia, which is evident in the emerging architectural language; the efforts of the Federation of Malaya Society of Architects (later known as the Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia); as well as the direction taken by the architectural practice in the country; all of which were driven by the prevailing political, economic as well as the socio-cultural attributes of the new nation, and the vision on Tunku Abdul Rahman, the first Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya. The outcome of all these is an architecture that speaks of the nation’s modern society’s values and identity.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Malaysian modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 30-37
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.EOLD2T77

Abstract
The paper highlights the course of Indonesian architectural development through the narrative of national and cultural identity which prevailed almost consistently from the early years of the 20th century. Despite the various contexts and the involvement of participants from different eras, the question of identity recurs among architectural practitioners, political figures, as well as the general public in Indonesia. In this light, architects are perceived as active agents continually contributing models of national identity through architectural forms, expressions, materials, and narratives.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Indonesian modern architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 20-29
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.KQFG8KIO

Abstract
This essay will exam the Modern Movement in Cambodia through architecture, known as New Khmer Architecture, from 1953 to 1970, that has distinct continuum characteristics from vernacular architecture, like other Modern Movement architecture in Southeast Asia, because of socio-political movements and cultural engagement.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture, Cambodian modern architecture, New Khmer Architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 12-19
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.UHKJCPEU