Abstract
After the war, the world was divided between two main powers, a Western capitalist bloc led by the USA, and an Eastern communist bloc, driven by the USSR. From Japan to Mexico, the post-war years were ones of prosperous economic growth and profound social transformation. It was the time of re-housing families split apart and of rebuilding destroyed cities, but it was also the time of democratic rebirth, the definition of individual and collective freedoms and rights, and of belief in the open society envisaged by Karl Popper. Simultaneously, it was the time of the biggest migrations from the countryside, revealing a large faith in the city, and of baby booms, revealing a new hope in humanity. (...) Whether through welfare state systems, as mainly evidenced in Western Europe, under the prospects launched by the Plan Marshall (1947), or through the establishment of local housing authorities funded or semi-funded by the government, or through the support of private companies, civil organizations or associations, the time had come for the large-scale application of the principles of modern architecture and engineering developed before the war. From the Spanish polígonos residenciales to the German großsiedlungen, ambitious housing programs were established in order to improve the citizens’ living conditions and health standards, as an answer to the housing shortage, and as a symbol of a new egalitarian society: comfort would no longer only be found in bourgeois houses.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Post-war housing, Welfare architecture, Mass housing, Modern comfort.

Issue 65
Year 2021
Pages 4-7
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/65.A.J2ZX0IDZ

Abstract
According to Alvar Aalto, raising the quality of life did not lie in technical and economic capabilities but in the creative work of architects, whose “houses are built where people can lead happy lives,” and only reachable “by concentrating on human happiness.” This search for paradise, magnificently expressed by the Finnish architect, has guided countless projects in modern architecture. The house, the place of home, the world and container of the everyday individual and family life has been the privileged set of this implicit exploration, where many paradises can be recognised. It is about achieving adequate protection and getting a space where satisfaction becomes a daily joy for those who live in it: happiness as an attainable goal.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern single-family houses, Modern living space, Architecture of happiness, Modern design, Preservation of modern architecture.

Issue 64
Year 2021
Pages 4-9
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/64.A.RIZI1JEX

Abstract
Over twenty years ago in the shadows of an architectural conference in the USA several of us from outside the American/European axis left early, finding the mainstream presentations and discussions boring, predictable and stuck in the ruts of well-worn paths. We were aware that in the wider world genuinely new ideas were emerging with rich traditions at play, altogether less constrained by self-conscious architectural production. We were keen to find a name for these new approaches emerging across latitudes below the Tropic of Cancer and settled on “South of Cancer” as a suitable catch-all for these diverse tendencies.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Tropical architecture, Modern diaspora, Design with climate.

Issue 63
Year 2020
Pages 4-5
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.A.IN6GWK9B

Abstract
“Illness is the night-side of life” tying one’s up in its own body and weaknesses leading either to curative or care spaces that instead of bringing hope bring to mind loneliness and death. Even if the tendency is to believe in the efficiency of medical processes, the collective memory of healthcare buildings is related to discomfort. Ill bodies enter a machine where they are homogenized, losing autonomy and privacy. Intimacy is exposed in a public domain. In healthcare buildings the focus is on medical procedure and not on the prostrate body, which is the real origin and dimensional parameter of these spaces

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 4-5
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.GVFC4HW1

Abstract
“Should the grands ensembles be demolished?” This question was a major preoccupation for architects in the 1990s. Incidental as it may seem today, the question is not completely old hat. The initial, progressive shift towards the practise of maintenance is to be welcomed. But we still need to be conscious, looking forward, that the qualities or values of constructions built between 1945 and 1975 are only rarely recognized and safeguarded. A tremendous variety of strategies have been adopted, and this thematic issue on collective housing's present-day relevance proposes to revisit, on the European scale, this very multiplicity of approaches.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Mass housing, Post-war housing.

Issue 54
Year 2016
Pages 4-9
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/54.A.FQC6H30X

Abstract
The modern experience in Lisbon (and Portugal) deserves a much wider and better dissemination in international terms, not only because of its own intrinsic value, but also because of its specificity, both of which are much more relevant when one considers the country’s peripheral contingency, the respective absence of any of the main premises that generated modernity in European architecture, the political context from which it resulted and the subsequent socio-cultural conservativeness of the country, the city and many of its elites. Even though there can be no doubt, and particularly so in this century, about the growing national recognition afforded to this modern architectural heritage, as expressed by the legal protection given to many of its buildings (which in itself is inseparable from the fertile research and documentation originating, above all, from the academic community), it is no less certain that much of this heritage is located in areas that are themselves being subjected to widespread and highly volatile processes of urban renewal.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Public Works, Duarte Pacheco.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 4-7
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.IO0F1LGU

Abstract
The Asian economy began to rebound in the early 2000s. Cities were, once again, expanding along with the population and industrialization. Architectural projects, after having halted for a few years, were coming back providing new opportunities for Asian practices. Sharing optimism as well as anxieties, Asian architects and scholars were looking forward to the future as well as once again taking a glimpse back at their recent architectural past, roughly from the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century. With this opportunity, they decided to take a moment to reflect on how Asian cities, landscapes, and their architectural heritage were shaped, altered, grown in the process of Asian societies embracing modernity.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Southeast Asian architecture, Modern urban planning, Tropical architecture.

Issue 57
Year 2017
Pages 4-11
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/57.A.475SOR25

Abstract
Mies van der Rohe’s built work covers a timeframe of over 60 years, including two world wars and several revolutionary events in the history of architecture. The extraordinary architect has influenced 20th century architecture worldwide like few others have. In the context of several restoration projects, the time has come to review the condition of his buildings: Is their materiality as timeless as their appearance? Did his constructions, which are of sometimes an experimental nature, prove to be sustainable, or did they fall into disrepair? How can Mies van der Rohe buildings be documented, repaired, restored, reconstructed, without losing the characteristic details of his work, and in order to preserve the architectural integrity and relevance of the Mies van der Rohe's oeuvre?

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Mies van der Rohe, International Style, Rehabilitation of modern architecture.

Issue 56
Year 2017
Pages 4-5
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/56.A.KB7T9I2R

Abstract
The 1919 ratification of the 48-hour working week by the Organization Internationale du Travail [International Labor Organization], created by the signatory countries of the Treaty of Versailles, raises a new challenge to industrialized society: the organization of workers’ free time. Divided the day into “three eights” — eight hours of work, eight hours of rest and eight hours of sleep — the social framework of leisure is understood as a moral duty of the state. This issue takes on a never before considered dimension with the attention given to the instrumental use of popular recreation by European totalitarian regimes and its centralization in organisms of a political and ideological character. Leisure, in this context, would work as a privileged area of indoctrination and diffusion of the nationalist rhetoric that supports the construction of fascist dictatorships. But the recognition of the necessity to organize leisure was not restricted to totalitarian states, nor was it an exclusively political and/or social issue.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Holiday architecture, Leisure architecture, Tourism modern architecture, CIAM, Eileen Gray.

Issue 60
Year 2019
Pages 4-7
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/60.A.XXHLZKUU

Abstract
The late architect and historian Stanford Anderson once remarked that authenticity is the third rail of architectural debate — a place to venture at one’s peril. Notwithstanding, any architectural intervention demands that we engage and understand what is essential — authentic — in the original to its creator, those for whom it was created and all those all who experience it — to ensure fidelity to the character and integrity of the original work. Louis I. Kahn was one of a handful of truly significant architects of the last 75 years, and arguably the one who (with Le Corbusier) will have the most lasting effect upon architecture over time. As we now assess his legacy and develop interventions for renewal, it is instructive to contemplate how our understanding of Kahn’s aesthetic of authenticity — buildings as “instrument[s] that exaggerate, and so heighten one’s awareness of nature’s infinite variations” — should affect our approach to their conservation, adaptation and renewal.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 4-5
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.1TS6XKW5