Abstract
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation headquarters and museum complex (1959–1969) headed a fundamental role in building science in Portugal, as it contributed to the accomplishment of a Modern Movement design committed with a high level of construction quality, showing that there was more beyond Modern Movement formalism. Inaugurated in 1969, it was designed to create a pleasant environment, providing prospects from inside at various angles to the grove of trees and the surrounding land. As a mega-structure designed under a multi-disciplinary design and construction team it achieved a high level of technical excellence and comfort, whilst beautifully linking the building and garden. Located in central Lisbon, within a park with an area of 7.5 ha, occupying an area of 25.000 m2, it was designed by the architects Alberto Pessoa (1919–1985), Pedro Cid (1925–1983) and Ruy Jevis d’Athouguia (1917–2006) with the collaboration of the landscape designers Ribeiro Barreto (1924–2013) and Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles (1922–). The construction gathered an international interdisciplinary team of specialists. The most up-to-date techniques were adopted, including reinforced and pre-stressed concrete in its construction. Some figures illustrate the volume of these buildings: 150,000 m3 of excavation, 45,000 m3 of concrete, 3,200 t of steel, 100 km of power cables, 50,000 m of air conditioning pipes and 3,500 kW of installed electrical capacity. The architectural design expresses the structure. The aim of having a dominant horizontal line that guaranteed the image of a low building hugging the land and the wish to emphasize the long slabs of concrete that constituted the visible image of the built complex called for a very creative structural concept. The impact that the complex has had and the way in which it has manifested the effectiveness of its qualities, such as formal sobriety and restraint, have confirmed the close relationship between the conception process and the construction site. With its garden it has created the very image of the prestige and innovation of the Foundation itself.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Brutalism, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Alberto Pessoa, Pedro Cid, Ruy Jevis d’Athouguia, Ribeiro Barreto, Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles, Modern monumentality.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 50-57
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.RBPU9PLO

Abstract
In the 1950s, when the social, aesthetic and technological assumptions of the Modern Movement seemed to be consolidated, there was hesitation in Portugal. Two possibilities were open to what could be viewed as post-war understanding of modernity. Some architects focused on the possible confrontation between the heritage of tradition and avant-garde proposals, in tune with the international movement. Others assimilated the universal appeal of the Modern Movement and aimed to operate within those contexts, facing the shortage of technological tools and of scarce theoretical production. Ruy Jervis d'Athouguia (1917–2006), an important Portuguese architect, belonged to the latter.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Ruy Jervis d'Athouguia, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Estacas Neighborhood, Modern schools.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 44-49
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.NKYD6IO5

Abstract
Infante Santo was idealized as a modern way of living in a modern avenue, within the existing city. This comprehensive project of city architecture, coordinated by the architect Alberto Pessoa (1919–1985) and built during the 1950s, embodies a site-specific attitude of cultural and urban continuity. During its planning and construction, this major urban project was first exhibited in Lisbon, in 1951, and then in Rome, 1955, London, 1956, Washington, 1958, Brussels, 1958, and also published in the French magazine L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, in 1960. Today, the absence of a strategy for approaching Infante Santo as a whole is compromising its adaptation for the future.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Infante Santo Avenue, Modern living, Alberto Pessoa.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 38-43
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.MDKGBNW8

Abstract
Cassiano Branco (1897-1970) belonged to the pioneer generation of modern Portuguese architects, who worked during the years of the dictatorship. During the 1930s, Cassiano produced an anti-conservative and eloquent architecture, contrasting with the guidelines of the regime. The discomfort about his personality came also from his ideological opposition to the government. Among his peers he has been considered “an exception to the rule”, working, mainly for private investors, on programs for rental housing, movie theaters and tourism facilities, which were built along the boulevards of Lisbon or in the natural and intact regional areas of Portugal.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Cassiano Branco.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 30-37
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.V6IT95OP

Abstract
The search for the concept and the practise of a “total project” or “global project” in architecture, in the sense of the project that integrates various artistic and technical disciplines and which reflects itself as a coherent and constructed whole, are the guiding principles to explore the relationship of architecture with works of art and with other diversified technical fields, in reference to the “total work of art” concept. The architectural concept that Porfírio Pardal Monteiro (1897–1957) will come to defend, revolves around the integration of the various fields of engineering and the integration of the plastic arts, assuming that architecture ceases to exist without the interaction of those two domains. A third domain can be added to these two, which is that of industrial (or product) and furniture design.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Porfírio Pardal Monteiro, Total work of art.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 24-29
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.FMTVGMRC

Abstract
The Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO) built in modern Lisbon, between 1927 and 1948, and added to until 1996, is the result of the Francisco Gentil effort to study and treat cancer. It is part of the Portuguese modern healthcare network and a reference concerning social, urban and architecture innovations, where the architects Cristino da Silva (1896–1936), Carlos Ramos (1897–1969), Raul Lino (1879–1974), Ernest Koop (1890–1962), Walter Diestel (1904–) and Raul Rodrigues de Lima (1909–1980) took part. By highlighting its cultural value this essay aims to stress the importance of achieving public and institutional awareness, in dealing with its everyday intensive use and transformation, towards a sustainable future.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Healthcare architecture, Cristino da Silva, Carlos Ramos, Raul Lino, Ernest Koop, Walter Distel, Raul Rodrigues de Lima.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 16-23
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.NK2WYINQ

Abstract
The urban planner João Guilherme Faria da Costa (1906–1971) is a leading figure of the generation of modern Portuguese architects, who distinguished himself by an intense professional activity in the field of urban planning since the 1930s, which is when this discipline was introduced into Portugal. In fact, with the institution of the Estado Novo regime (1933–1974), a completely new era was initiated for Portuguese urban planning, which evolved from being mostly the result of private initiative, to becoming an instrument for the public control of urban transformation. Faria da Costa, who worked for the Lisbon City Council from 1938, participated directly in some of the great urban transformations of the Portuguese capital which took place during this period.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Faria da Costa, Encosta da Ajuda, Restelo, Alvalade, Areeiro, Lisbon Baixa Pombalina.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 8-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.F1ER6CCA