Abstract
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) long ago observed, “In the order of things it is found that one never seeks to avoid one inconvenience without running into another; but prudence consists in knowing how to recognize the qualities of inconveniences, and in picking the less bad as good.” Given these complex conditions of engagement, it is critical that the relationship between architecture and health be revised. While perhaps partly responsible, architecture is not always capable of providing positive solutions for the environment or the “sick” body. Instead, a confused and anxious contemporary architecture struggles to produce new manifestations that avoid exalting the spectacle of capital of the last twenty years. While architecture is looking once again into the ambiguous political, cultural, moral, and, above all, social ideas of health and medicalization for both justification and a new mandate, it should seek to challenge – rather than pacify – the newly emerging neo-liberal agenda and question a medicalized vision and approach toward health issues.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Therapeutic architecture, Body and Mind wellbeing.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 76-83
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.DKWAK6OT

Abstract
One of the characteristics of the 20th century heritage hospital is the permanent remodeling of its spaces, a sign of the frequent changes in clinical practices which, in turn, bring about functional, construction and spatial changes. This characteristic, due to the functional prevalence of health facilities, generates forms of environmental and territorial consumerism. Contrary to any conservation or crystallizing idea of the heritage hospital, this present reflection seeks to find the aspects of this heritage that may be preserved in the remodeling processes, informed by the recent trends in the design of healthcare facilities, which ultimately constitute opportunities for their rehabilitation, reuse or restoration.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Rehabilitation, Reuse, Restoration, Portuguese modern architecture.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 68-75
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.K3YN27KP

Abstract
The France-USA Memorial Hospital in Saint-Lô, Normandy (1948-1965), is known as one of the most relevant French Reconstruction projects. It is the first important work crafted by the French-American architect, Paul Nelson (1895-1979). His humanist approach inspired a series of unprecedented, meaningful and technical architectural innovations. The organization of the new hospital, based on functionality and modernity; polychromic and artistic inclusion; extended high-quality work, notably the "claustra" façade; ovoid surgical rooms and technical equipment are testimonies to the major quality and innovation pursued in the Memorial Hospital project. Paul Nelson’s work brings into focus the rich and comprehensive relationship between architecture, arts and care.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Paul Nelson, France-USA Memorial Hospital, French modern architecture, Modern hospitals.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 60-67
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.R3O24KOL

Abstract
In New York, the New Deal saw the construction of a new breed of hospitals under the direction of Isadore Rosenfield (1893-1980). Though quasi-unknown today, his contribution to the field of hospital design cannot be overstated in terms of the quantity of facilities he built on four continents and the philosophy underlying his activities as an architect, planner and educator. Currently, though, even his most successful buildings are being demolished or converted without documentation. The author examines the context and some issues encountered in his photographic recording of these facilities and looks at their potential considering today’s larger challenges.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Isadore Rosenfield, New York modern architecture, Modern hospitals.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 52-59
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.I56FHEBV

Abstract
Sanatoriums are an emblematic program of the Modern Movement in architecture. Prolifically built in Europe between 1900 and 1950, they constitute today a remarkable architectural heritage whose technical, functional and spatial qualities are well documented. Since the decline of tuberculosis after the WWII, those sanatoriums that were not demolished have been constantly transformed and reused. Although iconic sanatoriums benefited from meticulous restoration, guided by precise historical and technical knowledge, much remains to be done to explore and develop the reuse potential of these buildings.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Sanatorium architecture, European modern architecture.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 44-51
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.IYJYY4X1

Abstract
The decades between 1950 and 1980 mark the heydays of modern hospital architecture. It represents an ideal merger between Modernism and medicine and a highly specific approach to health and illness as medical qualities. Since the 1990s, public health experts have recognized that aspects that have been discarded both by medicine and by modern architecture should be re-integrated in all policies that target health: the modern hospital has become a relic of the past. This essay is a plea to incorporate the changing views on health and illness in the value assessment of the modern hospital.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Modern hospitals, Healing machine.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 36-43
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.4FBS2HCP

Abstract
Although the works of Frederick Law Olmsted – such as Central Park, Prospect Park, Franklin Park, Riverside – are today widely recognized and appreciated, some of them having, in fact, been the object of important restoration work, the thinking which engendered them is much more unfamiliar, notably due to its complexity. The mission of landscape architecture, as it is defined by Olmsted, is above all social: to improve the living conditions of the population, beginning with the most unfavored. It is not just a matter of providing breathing spaces, but of allowing people to experience places capable of appeasing their minds.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Landscape architecture, Frederick Olmstead.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 28-35
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.MC4LREXQ