Abstract
The decades between 1950 and 1980 mark the heydays of modern hospital architecture. It represents an ideal merger between Modernism and medicine and a highly specific approach to health and illness as medical qualities. Since the 1990s, public health experts have recognized that aspects that have been discarded both by medicine and by modern architecture should be re-integrated in all policies that target health: the modern hospital has become a relic of the past. This essay is a plea to incorporate the changing views on health and illness in the value assessment of the modern hospital.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Modern hospitals, Healing machine.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 36-43
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.4FBS2HCP

Abstract
Although the works of Frederick Law Olmsted – such as Central Park, Prospect Park, Franklin Park, Riverside – are today widely recognized and appreciated, some of them having, in fact, been the object of important restoration work, the thinking which engendered them is much more unfamiliar, notably due to its complexity. The mission of landscape architecture, as it is defined by Olmsted, is above all social: to improve the living conditions of the population, beginning with the most unfavored. It is not just a matter of providing breathing spaces, but of allowing people to experience places capable of appeasing their minds.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Landscape architecture, Frederick Olmstead.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 28-35
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.MC4LREXQ

Abstract
During the 19th century, a shift in the meaning of the notion of type took place, accompanied by the idea of an explicit inscription of habits and needs in space. A new correlation between the architectural type and the habitual was established. If only tentatively, esthetics and planning could now be harmoniously reunited through the introduction of new habits in order to generate a collective way of living. As a result, the object of architecture became to moralize and to reform. The “dream” of this period was that of a purely technological solution for civil building and housing. It would further expand into the vision of the exact partitioning of living space, and of the invention of perfect machines for healing, controlling, and living. In fact, two genealogies began to merge: total sanitariness, which led to the exact quantification of fluids piped into buildings; and total technology, which aimed, through the use of new materials, at the precise programing and optimization of space. Underlying the thousands of proposals in the 19th century, the idea of the circulation of goods and people was crucial, and dependent on the imperatives of mobility and decentralization. Traces of such “dream architecture” remained in the form of the features that would become an intrinsic part of 20th century, modern architecture.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Industrial city, House as living machine, 19th century cities.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 18-27
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.IZO61SEB

Abstract
The human is an unstable idea; simultaneously an all-powerful creature – capable of transforming the whole ecology of the planet – yet extremely fragile, a murky ghost. Contemporary research into our microbiome portrays the human itself as a mobile ecology constructed by the endless flux of interactions between thousands of different species of bacteria – some of which are millions of years old and others joined us just a few months ago. This challenges conventional understandings of architecture. What does it mean to house the human when we no longer think that the human organism is securely contained within its skin? What is the role of architecture when the humans occupying it are understood to be suspended in clouds of bacteria shared, generated and mobilized by other macro-organisms (pets, plants, insects…) and the building itself; when the human is not a clearly defined organism or in any sense independent; when the architectural client is a massive set of ever-changing trans-species alliances that make the apparent complexity of even the largest of cities seem quaintly uncomplicated. What kind of care do architects offer if we think of ourselves as alliances between bacteria within the apparent limits of the body and throughout the spaces we occupy? What faces 21st century architects in comparison to 20th century architects?

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Building ventilation, Cleansing architecture, Healing environment.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 6-17
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.YSGG9KKU

Abstract
This article focuses on two iconic architectural works that dominate the ongoing intellectual discourse on conserving our recent past — the City of Chandigarh in India designed by Le Corbusier, and the Village of New Gourna in Egypt designed by Hassan Fathy. By examining the differential between their originating visions and their legacies that were shaped over more than five decades through many unforeseen circumstances and unaccounted consequences, this article provokes deeper reflections on our modern heritage and on the forces and entities that should decide its future.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, High density architecture, Urban growth, Modern urban planning, Chandigarh modern architecture, Le Corbusier, New Gourna modern architecture, Hassan Fathy.

Issue 50
Year 2014
Pages 72-79
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/50.A.N0LHBQHC

Abstract
Cities in the sky, superhighways over the seas, floating layers of techno-villages. These utopic proposals for Japan were generated by a passionate and extraordinary group of young Japanese architects fueled by the futuristic vision to rebuild their nation. Parallel to their idealism, was the path of Peter Land, an Englishman by way of Yale and South America, tasked to plan housing for the poor. Incredibly, their idealism would cross and the Metabolists’ first and only project would be for a United Nations social housing development in a place very far from Japan: Peru. Eui-Sung Yi sat down with the group’s last living member, Fumihiko Maki, and the organizer of the project, Peter Land, to discuss this project and its place in modern urban design (read the interviews in pg. 65 and 68, respectively).

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, High density architecture, Urban growth, Modern urban planning, Ideal city, Metabolism, PREVI, Peruan modern architecture.

Issue 50
Year 2014
Pages 58-71
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/50.A.I679BS7M

Abstract
To find multiple possibilities and to create livable spaces in an extremely dense condition – that is what Japanese contemporary architects are particularly good at. Most of Japanese architects start their career by designing small houses in an urban environment; it is a good exercise for young architects to develop their design skills. The mini site and chaotic surroundings are far from an ideal condition; in fact it is a poor environment. But the architects come to learn that from this disadvantaged condition they can do something innovative.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, High density architecture, Urban growth, Modern urban planning, Flexible architecture, Japanese modern architecture, Metabolism.

Issue 50
Year 2014
Pages 52-57
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/50.A.L6KSWQ4E

Abstract
In the Asian mini-city-states of Hong Kong and Singapore, massive public housing programmes, far more extreme in density and height than their European and North American predecessors, have played an unexpectedly prominent role in development policy since the 1950s. This article explores some of the ways in which the original conventions of public housing were transformed and “densified” in these territories, and argues that the key influences in this process were not so much avant-garde modernist architectural discourses as the organisational mechanisms and political pressures within late British colonialism and decolonisation.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, High density architecture, Urban growth, Modern urban planning, Large-scale public housing, Hong Kong modern architecture, Singapore modern architecture.

Issue 50
Year 2014
Pages 44-51
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/50.A.2TTL4OUX

Abstract
São Paulo started the 20th century as a 240 thousand inhabitant town and concluded it as a 10 million inhabitant center of a metropolitan zone of 17,8 million inhabitants. The congestion and disorder disguise the planning efforts conceived since the first decade, but only partially implemented. This article highlights some of the most important urban planning proposals as the Avenue Plan (1930), the Robert Moses’s Plano de Melhoramentos (1950), the Basic Urbanization Plan (PUB, 1969) and the last Review of the Master Plan (2013-14) to São Paulo, and the challenges resulted of the pace of demographic and urban growth in that century.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, High density architecture, Urban growth, Modern urban planning, São Paulo modern architecture.

Issue 50
Year 2014
Pages 36-43
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/50.A.3EH7PMUY

Abstract
China’s massive capital accumulation, economic ascent and wealth production has largely been the result of their rapid urbanization effort. While it is indisputable that the country has largely succeeded in its economic reform efforts given its status as the world’s second largest economy and in that process lifted hundreds of millions of its population out of poverty, it has also, in that process, created severe social inequality and friction. This essay largely argues that Chinese cities are purpose-built financial instruments for capital accumulation, a result of the forces of globalization which could only have happened in sync with the time and space of a global economy. Though highly successful, so far the process has marginalized the objective of social integration into its performative matrix indexing. In this regard China has pursued an exploitive model of market driven urbanization and the resultant morphological and spatial attributes of the Chinese cities, while having achieved spectacular results on many levels, are nevertheless disjunctive. They are commodities of generic sameness that are mass-produced and exhibit the same anesthetizing effects of the spectacle that are ever prevalent in today’s global market production process, product and place. Recognizing that globalization and capitalism are here to stay in the immediate future, it begs the question if China, while having already undertaken extreme economic reform experimentations allowing it to now bask in its temporal success, will be able to leverage its acquired market knowledge and wealth creation to prospectively overcome the incredibly complex challenge of creating equitable cities in the future — ones that balance the demands of capital production on the one hand and social equity on the other — or rather will it sink deeper into the “neoliberal modern society” that it has already become.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, High density architecture, Urban growth, Modern urban planning, Chinese modern cities, Market-driven urbanization.

Issue 50
Year 2014
Pages 28-35
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/50.A.P1MVWPP2