Abstract
Modernism in tropical in Australia is testimony to the tenacity and optimism of individuals and communities in the vast, “empty north” of the continent, but also reflects a young nation’s strategic and commercial need to develop and make viable this region in the years following WWII. As practitioners, academics and public servants, the Modern Diaspora, introduced and promoted Modernism as a climate responsive solution to building in the tropics. The result is work that is inventive, frequently of modest material means and expressive of its tropical circumstances.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Tropical architecture, Modern diaspora, Design with climate, Australian modern architecture.

Issue 63
Year 2020
Pages 40-47
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.A.9ECAUPWN

Abstract
The French architect and urban designer Écochard, was one of the numerous architects that designed buildings and cities for newly independent nations in the post-war era of decolonization. Many of these young nation states were in search for urban and architectural projects that would explicitate a “proper” model of modernization that differed from that of the former colonizer. This essay argues that the principles of tropical architecture would play a key role in representing and monumentalizing such an alternative model of modernization.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Tropical architecture, Modern diaspora, Design with climate, Michel Écochard, African modern architecture.

Issue 63
Year 2020
Pages 32-39
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.A.JJRX94UU

Abstract
Otto Königsberger was a German émigré architect who worked as the state architect in princely Mysore in British India in the 1940s. Upon emigration to London in 1951, he subsequently became an educator of Tropical Architecture (1954-1971) at the AA School of Architecture. This paper examines how Otto Königsberger’s career can illuminate “global” as a paradigm in Modernist historiography.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Tropical architecture, Modern diaspora, Design with climate, Otto Königsberger, Indian modern architecture.

Issue 63
Year 2020
Pages 26-31
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.A.55NZT8G6

Abstract
This paper investigates how the notion of “tropical architecture” was established in Angola by looking at the local development of scientific knowledge on climate during the 20th century. It focuses on the processes that gave rise to a growing understanding of the geography and climate of the country, namely through the creation of local research institutes. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, increasingly more climatic data was collected in the country. This data was later combined with studies in building physics, giving rise to original research developed by the lea. Local institutions, such as the Public Works Department of Angola (DSOPA), disseminated this knowledge, eventually influencing not only the design methods of local architects but also the development of specific products in the construction sector. The lea became a research and education organization of great relevance in Angola during the 1960s and the 1970s, as well as a symbol of modernity and the quest for scientific knowledge.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Tropical architecture, Modern diaspora, Design with climate, Vasco Vieira da Costa, Angolan modern architecture.

Issue 63
Year 2020
Pages 18-25
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.A.MF8WQP70

Abstract
While orthodoxy was consolidating its hold on modern architecture in the 1930s, fresh new ideas from the periphery began to widen and question its limiting vocabulary. This study looks at projects emerging before the end of that decade that paralleled the much publicized work of Le Corbusier and Brazilian innovators in developing ideas for taming the sun in warm climates. The story focuses on a forgotten speech given in Rangoon which enthused about a soon to be forgotten but effective method of solar control and triggered a yearning for architecture widening its scope to engage with attributes of national identity.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Tropical architecture, Modern diaspora, Design with climate, Colonialism, Myanmar modern architecture.

Issue 63
Year 2020
Pages 6-17
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.A.7LQWCQXU

Abstract
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) long ago observed, “In the order of things it is found that one never seeks to avoid one inconvenience without running into another; but prudence consists in knowing how to recognize the qualities of inconveniences, and in picking the less bad as good.” Given these complex conditions of engagement, it is critical that the relationship between architecture and health be revised. While perhaps partly responsible, architecture is not always capable of providing positive solutions for the environment or the “sick” body. Instead, a confused and anxious contemporary architecture struggles to produce new manifestations that avoid exalting the spectacle of capital of the last twenty years. While architecture is looking once again into the ambiguous political, cultural, moral, and, above all, social ideas of health and medicalization for both justification and a new mandate, it should seek to challenge – rather than pacify – the newly emerging neo-liberal agenda and question a medicalized vision and approach toward health issues.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Therapeutic architecture, Body and Mind wellbeing.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 76-83
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.DKWAK6OT

Abstract
One of the characteristics of the 20th century heritage hospital is the permanent remodeling of its spaces, a sign of the frequent changes in clinical practices which, in turn, bring about functional, construction and spatial changes. This characteristic, due to the functional prevalence of health facilities, generates forms of environmental and territorial consumerism. Contrary to any conservation or crystallizing idea of the heritage hospital, this present reflection seeks to find the aspects of this heritage that may be preserved in the remodeling processes, informed by the recent trends in the design of healthcare facilities, which ultimately constitute opportunities for their rehabilitation, reuse or restoration.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Rehabilitation, Reuse, Restoration, Portuguese modern architecture.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 68-75
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.K3YN27KP

Abstract
The France-USA Memorial Hospital in Saint-Lô, Normandy (1948-1965), is known as one of the most relevant French Reconstruction projects. It is the first important work crafted by the French-American architect, Paul Nelson (1895-1979). His humanist approach inspired a series of unprecedented, meaningful and technical architectural innovations. The organization of the new hospital, based on functionality and modernity; polychromic and artistic inclusion; extended high-quality work, notably the "claustra" façade; ovoid surgical rooms and technical equipment are testimonies to the major quality and innovation pursued in the Memorial Hospital project. Paul Nelson’s work brings into focus the rich and comprehensive relationship between architecture, arts and care.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Paul Nelson, France-USA Memorial Hospital, French modern architecture, Modern hospitals.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 60-67
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.R3O24KOL

Abstract
In New York, the New Deal saw the construction of a new breed of hospitals under the direction of Isadore Rosenfield (1893-1980). Though quasi-unknown today, his contribution to the field of hospital design cannot be overstated in terms of the quantity of facilities he built on four continents and the philosophy underlying his activities as an architect, planner and educator. Currently, though, even his most successful buildings are being demolished or converted without documentation. The author examines the context and some issues encountered in his photographic recording of these facilities and looks at their potential considering today’s larger challenges.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Isadore Rosenfield, New York modern architecture, Modern hospitals.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 52-59
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.I56FHEBV

Abstract
Sanatoriums are an emblematic program of the Modern Movement in architecture. Prolifically built in Europe between 1900 and 1950, they constitute today a remarkable architectural heritage whose technical, functional and spatial qualities are well documented. Since the decline of tuberculosis after the WWII, those sanatoriums that were not demolished have been constantly transformed and reused. Although iconic sanatoriums benefited from meticulous restoration, guided by precise historical and technical knowledge, much remains to be done to explore and develop the reuse potential of these buildings.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Healthcare architecture, Form and Function, Healing architecture, Sanatorium architecture, European modern architecture.

Issue 62
Year 2020
Pages 44-51
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/62.A.IYJYY4X1