Abstract
The Penguin Pool at London Zoo 1934, designed by Berthold Lubetkin & Tecton is one of the iconic landmarks of modern architecture. This article tells the story of its creation, the structural secrets of its audacious spiral ramps and its varying fortunes in the evolution of the zoo as an institution for the display of captive animals. The Penguin Pool, visited and admired by thousands over the 75 years since its completion, also stands as a poignant emblem of the dreams and disappointments of modern architecture.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Penguin Pool at London Zoo, Berthold Lubetkin & Tecton, London modern architecture.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 80-85
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.D3OJL9ZD

Abstract
Over Arup (1895-1988) once said in a BBC interview that the two structures that had given him most satisfaction were the Highpoint flats in North London (1935) and the Kingsgate footbridge, Durham, Yorkshire (1963), as “both are rather perfect examples of the complete integration of architecture, structure and method of construction”.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Ove Arup, Kingsgate Bridge, Kylesku Bridge, UK modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 76-79
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.KOUDNI16

Abstract
The Jylland (Jutland) peninsula and the approximately 278 islands that form Denmark have had bridge connections since the Middle Ages. The most notable bridges of the 20th century are the high level bridges such as the Lillebælt Bridge from 1935 and the Storstrøm Bridge from 1937. Cable supported bridges and cable-stayed bridges have been making up the most significant infrastructural aspects which cross the seaways of the Baltic Sea.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Lillebælt Bridge, Storstrøm Bridge, Farø Bridges, Øresund Bridge, Cable supported bridges, Danish modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 68-75
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.52UG7J2U

Abstract
In Japan where many earthquakes occur there is a certain standpoint about long–life architecture and bridges The relation between material and form is important for this standpoint. The reason is not only that materials have their own character, for example, physical and chemical properties, but also that form has its own individual character as load–bearing system. Without the relation between material and form, long–life architecture and bridges can’t be realized.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Material and form, Japanese modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 62-67
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.B8DSPTC7

Abstract
After the earthquake of 1923 which devastated Tokyo, Japanese engineers worked on reconstruction to generate a new Modern landscape in the capital, taking into account various arguments ranging from science to culture. The construction process of the Eïtai and Kiyosu bridges over the Sumida River are indicative of this development. This paper will describe this process to better understand Japanese bridge design in 1920s in terms of technology and aesthetics.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Eïtai Bridge, Kiyosu Bridge, Japanese modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 56-61
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.I28C9099

Abstract
The heart of the famous Düsseldorf Bridge Family are the three cable-stayed bridges built between the late 50s and early 70s of the last century. They mark the beginning of the development of Modern cable-stayed bridges, but not only from a technological point of view. Instead they develop the aesthetical potential once the new structural type has become favorable all over the world.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Düsseldorf Bridge Family, Fritz Leonhardt, Modern cable-stayed bridges, German modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 52-55
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.BWZZFIM1

Abstract
Sergio Musmeci occupies a very important position in the history of late 20th century Italian engineering. Born in Rome in 1926, he initially graduated in civil engineering and later in aeronautical engineering. Following an apprenticeship with Pier Luigi Nervi, in whose office he worked from 1949 to 1951, and with Riccardo Morandi, he later opened his own engineering and architecture office together with his wife, the architect Zenaide Zanini. He taught at the University of Rome, initially as an assistant to the course in Rational Mechanics and Graphic Statics, and later as professor of Bridges and Large Structures.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Sergio Musmeci, Bridge over the Basento, Theory of Minimal Surfaces, Shell bridges, Italian modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 46-51
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.GRQPL9K8

Abstract
Eduardo Torroja Miret graduated as an engineer in 1923. That same year, after a bloodless coup d’état, General Primo de Rivera assumed the control of government in Spain and launched a modernizing economic program clearly based on infrastructure: development of the telephone network, modernization of ports, tramway system expansion, creation of 800 km of railroads, extension and paving of over 15,000 km of roads...

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Eduardo Torroja, Alloz Aqueduct, Spanish modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 42-45
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.CTQ8S8OZ

Abstract
From 1904, when his career began, until 1962, when he died, Eugène Freyssinet did not stop building or advising on all aspects related with his work. To give an idea of his interest in the field of bridges, we selected the following: the Veurdre and Plougastel bridges as reinforced concrete examples and the Luzancy, the Marne and the Caracas La Guaira highway bridges as prestressed concrete works. In these brief descriptions, rather than the technical nature of the design, we have focused on intuition and innovation which made these works models and which inspired many engineers to continue working respecting quality.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Eugène Freyssinet, Veurdre Bridge, Plougastel Bridge, Luzancy Bridge, Marne Bridges, La Guaira–Caracas Highway Bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 30-41
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.VFKHFTLE

Abstract
The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge spanning over Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela (1958–1962), designed by Ing. Professor Riccardo Morandi, a masterpiece of Modern engineering, is now a Modern Landmark at Risk. The remarkable and little known story of the construction of this structure “could not be accomplished by a handful of men. From planning to financing, from design to construction, a great number of Venezuelan and European engineers worked jointly in Wiesbaden, Caracas, Rome, Maracaibo, Zürich, Paris, and Lisbon. In this way, one of the most outstanding structures of our time was erected within the stipulated - and brief construction time.”

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, Riccardo Morandi, Venezuelan modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 22-29
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.8NS9VDJW