Abstract
Built between 1963 and 1971, the Lignon satellite precinct in Geneva (Georges Addor, Dominique Julliard, Louis Payot, Jacques Bolliger) is regarded as the most spectacular housing development in post–war Switzerland. For some, it is an energy–guzzling black hole; for others, an historical monument. Either way, the Lignon has been in the spotlight. Faced with new imperatives to reduce energy consumption, a pilot project in the area of “conservation and thermal improvement” of the Lignon façades has been carried out by the Laboratory for Techniques and Preservation of Modern Architecture at the École Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne. The aim of this study is to introduce measures that will allow us to conserve the outer skin of the existing façades, while respecting energy standards, thereby guaranteeing the consistent level of intervention, across all 100,000 square meters of curtain walling, that the site deserves.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Cité du Lignon, Georges Addor, Mass housing, Swiss modern architecture, Conservation of modern architecture, Energy performance.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 32-39
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.ZLENV5L1

Abstract
The science of Building Physics was developed in Germany from 1880–1940 but its performance in Modern Movement architecture is considered immature and in aspects problematic. Still, some international pioneers found theoretical and practical ways to catch the theme.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Building physics, Haus Schminke, Hans Scharoun.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 24-31
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.9DZIPUN5

Abstract
In the twenty–five years after World War II, Angola and Mozambique were fertile territories for the inception of new urban and architectural projects, in keeping with the principles of the Modern Movement. In the earliest works designed by the architects who moved there in the late 1940s, one can already witness a serious concern with the adjustment to the particularities of the hot and humid climate of the tropics. The Modern architectural idiom was particularly well suited to the local climate building requirements such as solar control and provision of adequate ventilation. Moreover, these architectural solutions were underpinned by sustainable procedures that ought to be re–established in the restoration of Modern buildings of the type presented here.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Angolan modern architecture, Mozambican modern architecture, Design with climate, Tropical architecture.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 16-23
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.8F2DXU59

Abstract
The Modern Movement is predicated on attitudes that lead directly to the efficient use of resources for building construction and operation, attitudes that are fundamental to sustainability. Also intrinsic to Modern architecture is a systematic methodology that provides the armature for a design process that focuses on a sustainable future. Understanding these issues provides valuable guidelines and tools for contemporary planning and architecture. Additionally, a wider recognition of this aspect of Modernism will reduce general hostility toward Modernism, thereby facilitating the preservation and conservation of Modern architecture built examples.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Building efficiency, Conservation of modern architecture.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 8-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.BFXAY5DF

Abstract
Concern for the environment and a focus on the conservation of our natural resources have in general over the last couple of decades, entered into the dialogue around architecture and preservation. In the last decade this focused more specifically on the more recent architecture. In some instances, the discussion about sustainability has begun to overshadow the preservation issues. Many countries have developed elaborate rating systems for buildings, whether new or old, that take into account a large number of factors to gauge and assess their impact. While these systems are intended to assist in deciding what actions can and should be undertaken, the discussion has remained quite limited and largely focused on the operational aspects of buildings and on new construction.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 4-7
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.TLAMA8ZJ

Abstract
On July 30, 1870, a visitor to the Niagara Falls noted glumly in his diary that “the impression of the waterfall was gripping, but not what I had expected”. Having traveled from Northern Europe to reach this scenic spot, the traveler - a railway engineer - was frankly disappointed. The landscape was flat and dreary, and only seen from very particular angles did the falls live up to their sublime reputation. What consoled the disillusioned tourist, however, were the many beautiful bridges built to accommodate traffic, commerce, and sightseeing around the falls: “The proud Clifton suspension bridge with its 1269’ span, 300’ above the river, was light and beautiful. The picturesque bridges across to Goat Island and “Three sisters” - all in pleasant harmony - give to the place a decidedly attractive character” he enthused. Regardless of its reputation as the most spectacular natural scenery in the world, to our railway engineer, Niagara was saved only by the sublime spectacle of the bridges.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 104-107
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.9I76B5Z9

Abstract
Mizen Head Footbridge in County Cork is a reinforced concrete through-arch structure spanning 50 m. The original structure was demolished and rebuilt 2009-2011, 100 years after its completion. This article describes the construction challenges of safely reconstructing a bridge in a difficult site location. The bridge provides access to a lighthouse on the tiny island of Cloghán, at the tip of Mizen Head in Southwest Cork. It is the result of a design competition held in the early 1900’s. The winning entry was by Mr. Noel Ridley of Westminster, London. It had the form of a pair of parabolic arch ribs spanning 50 m supporting a pedestrian deck, suspended by vertical hangers from the ribs in the central section.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Mizen Head Footbridge, Irish modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 98-103
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.MQ0Q08DD

Abstract
As seen by approaching motorists on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, the “Rainbow Bridge” appears as if it’s crossing the 6–lane roadway with a graceful leap worthy of a ballet dancer. To people crossing the bridge, its gentle rise provides comfortable access to a popular beach and recreational parkland at edge of Lake Michigan.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Lincoln Park Passerelle, Chicago modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 94-97
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.4HE3L5DY

Abstract
The period around the year 1930 could be termed the culminating point with respect to the Modern architectural avant-garde in Slovakia. It was then that the concepts emerged from the most important works, the first Slovak architectural journals began to be published, the School of Applied Arts opened, as a Slovak variant of the German Bauhaus, and an entire range of other artistic and social initiatives indicated that Slovakia’s cultural environment could not only absorb avant-garde impulses, but develop them in a unique way. It was precisely at this moment that the history of one of the most famed bridges in Slovakia, the Colonnade Bridge in Piešt’any, began to be written.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Collonnade Bridge, Emil Belluš, Slokian modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 90-93
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.SP7EQBZT

Abstract
In 1935–36, the English writer and design critic Philip Morton Shand (1888-1960), proponent of Modernism, translator of Walter Gropius and founder of MARS group (Modern Architectural Research Group) published two articles in the magazine “The Concrete Way”. The first one was entitled “Concrete´s furthest north”, highlighting the advanced and wide–ranging use of concrete construction in Iceland. With the second article were photographs of newly built public buildings by architect Sigurdur Gudmundsson (1885-1958) as well as bridges designed in the 1920s and 1930s by the engineers of the Icelandic State Highways Department. Shand was impressed by the work of the “gifted and thoroughly modern minded architect such as any country might be proud of” as well as the work of “first rate–engineers” of this “geographically remote island which at that time had only 100,000 inhabitants and 2,000 motorcars. He also points at the photos "as evidence of the wonderful clearness of the air which is characteristic of Iceland´s brief Arctic summers."

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern bridges, Modern infrastructures, Modern engineering, Iceland modern bridges.

Issue 45
Year 2011
Pages 86-89
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.A.ETPC9U3Y