Abstract
In Australia the image of sporting prowess and easy access to swimming venues — both natural and artificial — has ensured that public swimming pools became a site of modern architectural interest and design experimentation from the 1930s onwards. Ranging from prosaic, local amenities to award-winning significant complexes, public pools are fascinating and potent places of individual and community memories and experiences. Many still exist but many others have been lost or detrimentally altered in the last two decades. As a modern type they deserve further documentation and careful conservation and adaptation to suit contemporary use.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Holiday architecture, Leisure architecture, Tourism modern architecture, Australian modern architecture, Swimming pool architecture.

Issue 60
Year 2019
Pages 8-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/60.A.F7E4DRU2

Abstract
The Yale Center for British Art was designed by acclaimed American architect Louis I. Kahn to house a collection of British art on the campus of Yale University. The Center, Kahn’s third and final museum building, was designed between 1970 and 1974 and opened its doors to the public in 1977. By 2002 it was evident that the building was fast approaching a crossroads: finishes had reached the end of their lives, program space was in desperate demand, patron amenities and life safety measures no longer met contemporary standards and, worst of all, infrastructural systems strained to sustain the environments demanded to protect the collections. The integrity of Kahn’s architecture was in jeopardy. What follows is the story of what came next: how the building was painstakingly researched and analyzed, and how a series of projects ensued to re-equip the Center to present and protect its collection for decades to come.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture, Yale Center for British Art, Modern museums, USA modern architecture.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 50-59
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.8AH55ZAI

Abstract
Louis I. Kahn's attitude toward materials was expressed in his documented preference to allow exterior wood siding to be left unfinished and weather to a silver grey. Influenced by vernacular architecture of the American rural landscape, this natural treatment has proved a challenge for stewards, as exposure to the elements is gradually destructive. Like many works of the Modern Movement that retain their original siding, Kahn’s wood-clad structures stand at a critical crossroads where the architect’s intent and retention of fabric converge. A selected group of Kahn’s residential works are examined with respect to the architect’s employment of wood, the inherent conditions of each and the conservation efforts that are evolving in response.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture, Wood architecture, Clever House, Fisher House, Korman House.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 40-49
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.AQIJA0OI

Abstract
In 2013 the Salk Institute for Biological Studies partnered with the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) to commence development of a conservation program for the long-term care of the teak window walls. Phase 1 of the program included preliminary historic research and an assessment of significance, surveys and investigative inspection openings, wood and fungus identification, and analyses of past surface treatments. Guidelines were then developed based on three treatment approaches, ranging from in situ cleaning and treatment, to selective repairs, and finally in-kind replacement of teak wood. In Phase 2 of the work, the GCI and Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. (WJE) developed a trial mock-up program to assess the protocols of the three treatments. This article will review the overarching goal of the treatment approaches, integrating conservation and repair needs with select modifications to the window detailing to improve long-term performance, including surface treatments to protect the teak wood and retard fungal growth and weathering over time.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Teak Window Wall Assemblies, USA modern architecture.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 30-39
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.W7HVPUSH

Abstract
Louis I. Kahn’s Richards Laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania are a paradoxical building. At the same time that they perhaps represent the epitome of Kahn's literal expression of structure and material hierarchy, servant and served spaces and the role of mechanical systems in determining architectural form, these powerful ideas never came together programmatically to enable a fully functional, complete work of architecture. This paper describes the quest to solve the functional conundrum and technical shortcomings of Richards, to bring the architecture and program closer together. Through a synthesis combining transformation — a significant change in use that allowed the opening of the laboratory floors to the unique light and views that were always latent in the promise of Kahn’s essential architectural idea — and rehabilitation, where the best aspects of Richards — the glazed, vitrine-like facades and the beautiful logic of the building services distribution, were renovated for enhanced performance, Kahn’s original architectural vision and present function were able to be successfully reconciled.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture, Rehabilitation of modern architecture, Richards Laboratories, USA modern architecture.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 20-29
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.UTPZYRHZ

Abstract
The Trenton Bath House complex holds an important place in Louis I. Kahn’s oeuvre. As he stated: “The world discovered me after I designed the Richards Laboratories building, but I discovered myself after designing that little concrete bath house in Trenton”1. Given its significance, a thoughtful restoration that allowed the buildings to remain in active use was imperative. Because the complex embodies in miniature many of the theoretical and practical considerations that accompany the work of Kahn and other modern-era architects, the process, outcome, and projected future of the restoration effort are instructive.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture, Trenton Bath House, USA modern architecture, Restoration.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 12-19
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.1TS55IKT

Abstract
In the quest to save recent-past, mid-century modern buildings, it is important to recognize how symbolic and commercial considerations influence the likelihood that some buildings are preserved while other buildings are demolished. Simply put, why does one building survive and another not? This article compares two of Louis I. Kahn’s projects — one a commercial building and the other institutional. The comparison examines how various dynamics facilitate or hinder the preservation of modern buildings. Further analysis considers steps that preservation-minded individuals and organizations might consider to retain and restore more modern buildings.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Louis Kahn, Modern monumentality, Conservation of modern architecture, Coward Shoe Store, Yale University Art Gallery, USA modern architecture.

Issue 58
Year 2018
Pages 6-11
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.A.09IB6G5G

Abstract
Memorial sites dedicated to the National Liberation War, revolution and the victims of fascism have played an important role in the cultural and political life of the socialist Yugoslavia. The changing political course of Yugoslavia from 1948 influenced its cultural strategy. This reflected the artists’ sensibility and tendency towards abstract sculpture, which culminated during the 1960s and 1970s. In this essay we will examine the influx of modern art and architecture on the aesthetics of the memorials from the era. We will also focus on their contemporary representation as an important part of cultural heritage.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Eastern European architecture, Cold War architecture, Yugoslavian modern architecture, WWII memorials.

Issue 59
Year 2018
Pages 74-78
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/59.A.8QPZRS1O

Abstract
It was an event that rarely happens in this part of the world: the construction of a brand-new capital city in a country which was not famous for its achievements in city building. Furthermore, it was in a country ravaged by WWII, rural and mostly agricultural, with modest industrial capacities. Today, 70 years after the beginning of its construction, New Belgrade is still one of the most contentious topics of architecture and urban planning in Serbia. It is the most beloved and the most hated, biggest success story and biggest failure, most beautiful and ugliest architecture of the city — all at the same time. It is not just a question of contested beauty: like many other post-war cities based on the Athens Charter, New Belgrade is a vast infrastructurally equipped urban territory, soaked in conflicted interests and interpretations of its past and its future. As we approach the saturation point of its available construction land — at least per original and many consecutive plans — the question of its future development, its reconstruction and/or restoration is looming out of every document and every conversation about New Belgrade.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Eastern European architecture, Cold War architecture, Belgrade modern architecture, Modern urban planning.

Issue 59
Year 2018
Pages 68-73
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/59.A.D8RTDTPT

Abstract
Industrialization caused the biggest technological changes in human history, which called for not only new ways of working but also of living, education, and life as a whole. Eventually the world became the global market that we know today, when we are on the threshold of 5.0 Industry, when utopia is becoming reality. Despite its peripheral role, Slovenia started to change quite early under the influences of industrialization; these changes accelerated in the 19th century and gained momentum during socialist industrialization, when organized heritage protection started to develop extremely quickly — first it was used for socialist propaganda and then increasingly for concrete protection actions and regenerations. In parallel, relevant domestic knowledge was developed and, particularly, awareness was raised about the significance of industrial heritage, testifying to the transformation of its value in space and time. The understanding of this is necessary for an effective, development-directed protection.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Eastern European architecture, Cold War architecture, Slovenian modern architecture, Preservation of modern architecture, Modern industrial complexes.

Issue 59
Year 2018
Pages 60-67
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/59.A.0WPN82J2