Abstract
In the early 20th century in Portugal, a new architecture was produced as the offspring of different references, conforming to a process of “Portugueseness” based on the picturesque. From the beginning of the dictatorship in 1926, the State took advantage of that phenomenon to sublimate nationalist values. Through the first programs of mass housing construction, the single-family house became an object of consumption and a cornerstone of national identity. The search for identity brings together different architectures across the century featuring a renewed Portuguese sentiment infused with different perspectives on the “homeland”, its history and its culture.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Portuguese modern architecture, Estado Novo, Affordable housing.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 60-67
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.1V7PRY77

Abstract
The 60s was a decade of profound change in Brazil. The federal capital was transferred to Brasília, which represented the realization of the ideal of the modern city envisaged at CIAM IV. Modern architecture, which in its Brazilian version, was characterized by the Escola Carioca (Rio de Janeiro School), gave way to the São Paulo avant-garde, concerned with truth to materials and social aspirations. In politics we saw the shift from a democratic government to a military dictatorship, which sought to legitimize itself through the creation of a state funding system to solve the nation’s housing deficit. These factors created the conditions for the development of a series of housing projects, including the exemplary project discussed in this paper.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, São Paulo modern architecture, Zezinho Magalhães Prado, Vilanova Artigas, Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Fábio Penteado.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 54-59
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.5F4D2G02

Abstract
The housing deficit in Buenos Aires exceeds 143,000 dwellings. Fortunately, the city has ninety years of social housing experience to draw research from. Does this problem require new ideas or can it be studied from the existing examples? The essay proposes a quick overview of ten housing projects that were built in the 20th century and that represent different models of collective housing. One of them, Juan xxiii Complex — absent in the historical revisions — stands out for its design, size and integrated vision of the community. Architects and students committed to the city and its housing deficit should study this unpublished project.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Housing need, Buenos Aires modern architecture.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 48-53
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.5ZKZMV04

Abstract
At the beginning of the 70s in Bogotá, Colombia, an experimental housing project tried to respond, with adaptable and intelligent solutions, to the challenges of an increasingly urbanized country. It utilized a Low-Rise, High-Density (LRHD) urban system that enhanced the flexibility and the incremental process of housing units cells. This paper aims first, to explain the historical background and the objectives of an experimental project in a Latin American context; then to expose its innovative architectural proposals and finally, to evaluate its evolution in its 5th decade of existence.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, El Tunal Experimental, Low-Rise High-Density, Emesé Ljjasz de Murcia, Bogotá modern architecture.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 40-47
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.48YL3PDT

Abstract
The history of Valencian architecture reached one of its highest points with a project for the Cooperativa de Agentes Comerciales, consisting of a group of 138 dwellings (1958–1961) on the corner between Pérez Galdós Avenue and Santa María Micaela Street, after which this complex is named. It is a residential complex unique for its early and conscious association with a distinct modernity that would not be limited only to the national setting, as we shall see. We only have to consider some of the leading works of that period, which revived the contributions of the grand masters, Le Corbusier being the main focus, but not forgetting Mies van der Rohe. Indeed, the critical analyses undertaken by the Team X group, as well as the interpretations of the modern legacy that the Latin American architects undertook, are well known.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Santa María Micaela Housing Cooperative, Santiago Artal, Valencian modern architecture.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 34-39
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.WI5ONXXG

Abstract
The Siedlung Halen (Halen Estate), built in the late 1950s near Berne, Switzerland, is still visited by many architects and students from all over the world. The houses of the Estate, once sold for a moderate price, are in high demand nowadays, which leads to a higher expectation for available space and comfort. After 50 years of existence, the normal problems of long-time maintenance are not easy to resolve. Although hampered by problems of concordance among the owners, the exemplary process of planning raises hope for an equally exemplary execution.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Siedlung Halen, Berne modern architecture, Atelier 5.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 28-33
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.YBBN29O8

Abstract
This paper explores contemporary collective housing as a community resource and living heritage. The first part of the article is a conceptualization of citizen activation as a valid concept to merge actions that can transform housing into a platform to promote social cohesion. The second part lists the steps to reach citizen activation. The article highlights some examples in Barcelona: buildings where some activation activities have been stimulated and others that could start the process.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Contemporary collective housing, Citizen activation, Barcelonan modern architecture.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 22-27
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.EVXNHVXX

Abstract
In London, in the context of a shortfall of homes that has achieved the status of “housing crisis”, the replacement of obsolete social housing stock, inherited from the post-war period of mass production, for housing that satisfies the demands of the private market and the need for more sustainable cities is one of the main issues for the 21st century. Robin Hood Gardens’ demolition will become a paradigm for the positions to be taken respecting urban obsolescence. Across London, one can see examples that show how, by the criteria of contemporary urban planning, the domestic and urban potential of much of the post-war social housing stock makes it difficult for the current owner, the local government, to invest in its refurbishment and to keep its status as social housing.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Robin Hood Gardens, London modern architecture, Alison and Peter Smithson.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 16-21
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.XXHURCAO

Abstract
To analyze the life and transformation of modern housing is a key subject for architectural knowledge. There are very positive cases of evolution, such as Casa Bloc in Barcelona, Spain, by GATCPAC architects, which still functions as living patrimony after two architectural rehabilitations; and disastrous, such as Robin Hood Gardens in London by Alison and Peter Smithson. The article explains why some cases are very alive while others have suffered progressive degradation and will be demolished. A key and decisive element is the design of the corridors, which due to their forms and sizes might be positive. And one of the reasons why these complexes have become obsolete has been the excessive architectural definition of both the exterior and the interior. Also the heritage of the Villes Nouvelles in France has been disastrous and, in response to the policy of demolition, architects such as Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal, Roland Castro and Sophie Denissof, or Paul Chemetov, have defended the logic of redoing, remodeling and metamorphosing. The challenge is to project and to build collective housing capable of absorbing transformations.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation, Modern housing transformation, European modern architecture, Casa Bloc, Robin Hood Gardens, Ville Nouvelles.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 12-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.OL9JFVSL

Abstract
One of the main subjects in contemporary architecture is how to deal with the physical and intellectual requirements of transforming modern housing. Joan Busquets points out in his contribution to this issue, that the special effort made by modern architects and progressive housing politics during the 20th century must be reinterpreted and followed today. Intentionally, this issue brings a special focus on the Iberoamerican world, specifically Spain, Portugal and Latin America, with the aim of relocating it in a cultural world of predominantly Anglo-American historiography. In any case, it presents a very wide spectrum, including North America, Switzerland and Great Britain. For this reason the projects are presented as case studies, both housing politics in different countries, and paradigmatic architectural examples, either positive or negative.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Living heritage, Modern housing, Housing preservation.

Issue 51
Year 2014
Pages 10-11
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.A.M3WS825N