Abstract
Sustainability is a concept that has been accepted as a foundation for professional practice, and toxicity of materials is gaining concern. While the topic of material toxicity is generally addressed with regard to new materials, the built environment represents a history of embedded toxins. However, this aspect of ‘inherited toxicity’ is scarcely addressed. Considering the toxic potential associated with 20th century building materials, this will grow more critical for the preservation field to address in coming years. In response to the increasing regulation of copper in both Europe and the US, the case study at Frank Lloyd Wright’s Price Tower (1956) is an exploration of whether or not an acute environmental impact from the building’s exterior copper elements exists, the results of which are assessed based on an expanded toxicology of copper.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Frank Lloyd Wright, Price Tower, USA modern architecture, Modern material toxicity, Conservation of modern architecture.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 58-67
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.KES8ABO1

Abstract
The architecture of the Modern Movement is today often seen as synonymous with technical innovation and experimental techniques. This view is supported by the Dessau Bauhaus itself and its programmatic “break” with tradition. Technical inadequacies and shortcomings, particularly from the perspective of today’s energy standards, serve as an argument to formulate criteria specific for preserving the architecture of the Modern Movement, different from “normal” and more generally accepted preservation principles. Are the materials and techniques of modern architecture really as innovative as they are alleged? The Tugendhat House in Brno, listed as an UNESCO World Heritage since 2001, and other structures of classical modernism, as for example, the Bauhaus in Dessau (1925–26) and the pavilions of the Brno fair grounds (1926–28), may serve as evidence that not everything was technical innovation, but that rather the traditional craft techniques in the Modern Movement have played a major role. Modern preservation is not limited to the presentation of the artistic idea, but sees the monument as a comprehensive resource of cultural activities and their material expression. Generally, the preservation of monuments can be seen as a paradigmatic form of a sustainable building policy.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Tugendhat House, Mies van der Rohe, Bauhaus, Czech Republican modern architecture, Conservation of modern architecture.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 48-57
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.B3PWGXRG

Abstract
Sustainability is now replacing Modernism as the main discourse for socio–economic, technological, architectural and urban development. However, the architectural legacy of Modernism remains an inherent part of our built environment. While some tenets of Modernism align with principles of sustainable design, many are in conflict, thus creating both a tension and an opportunity for creative reinvention of existing buildings and neighborhoods. Greening Manhattan’s Modernist Legacy was a seminar taught at Cornell University’s school of architecture that investigated these questions. The seminar explored an analytical approach to retrofitting Modernbuildings that prioritized environmental responsibility while critically reinterpreting the Modern aesthetic.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Modern building retrofit, Architectural reinterpretation.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 40-47
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.YQ2116KB

Abstract
Built between 1963 and 1971, the Lignon satellite precinct in Geneva (Georges Addor, Dominique Julliard, Louis Payot, Jacques Bolliger) is regarded as the most spectacular housing development in post–war Switzerland. For some, it is an energy–guzzling black hole; for others, an historical monument. Either way, the Lignon has been in the spotlight. Faced with new imperatives to reduce energy consumption, a pilot project in the area of “conservation and thermal improvement” of the Lignon façades has been carried out by the Laboratory for Techniques and Preservation of Modern Architecture at the École Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne. The aim of this study is to introduce measures that will allow us to conserve the outer skin of the existing façades, while respecting energy standards, thereby guaranteeing the consistent level of intervention, across all 100,000 square meters of curtain walling, that the site deserves.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Cité du Lignon, Georges Addor, Mass housing, Swiss modern architecture, Conservation of modern architecture, Energy performance.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 32-39
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.ZLENV5L1

Abstract
The science of Building Physics was developed in Germany from 1880–1940 but its performance in Modern Movement architecture is considered immature and in aspects problematic. Still, some international pioneers found theoretical and practical ways to catch the theme.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Building physics, Haus Schminke, Hans Scharoun.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 24-31
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.9DZIPUN5

Abstract
In the twenty–five years after World War II, Angola and Mozambique were fertile territories for the inception of new urban and architectural projects, in keeping with the principles of the Modern Movement. In the earliest works designed by the architects who moved there in the late 1940s, one can already witness a serious concern with the adjustment to the particularities of the hot and humid climate of the tropics. The Modern architectural idiom was particularly well suited to the local climate building requirements such as solar control and provision of adequate ventilation. Moreover, these architectural solutions were underpinned by sustainable procedures that ought to be re–established in the restoration of Modern buildings of the type presented here.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Sustainable architecture, Responsible architecture, Global design, Angolan modern architecture, Mozambican modern architecture, Design with climate, Tropical architecture.

Issue 44
Year 2011
Pages 16-23
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/44.A.8F2DXU59