Abstract
Marked by numerous setbacks, the history of the GEAI housing estate La Grand'Mare in Rouen is troubled, even highly controversial. It clearly epitomizes the twists and turns in the debate over the preservation of postwar architecture, whose “industrialized” (often meaning “experimental”) dimension, is mistakenly made the excuse for its demolition. This is exemplified by the uncertain future of this now badly amputated pioneering housing complex, designed by Marcel Lods and his fellow architects.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Mass housing, Post-war housing, La Grand’Mare, GEAI Housing Estate, French modern architecture, Marcel Lods.

Issue 54
Year 2016
Pages 28-35
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/54.A.Z5I3RILI

Abstract
The Cité de l’Etoile, in Bobigny, design by Candilis Josic and Woods (1954–1963) is one of the housing estates, results of the french national competition named opération Million. Commissioned by Emmaüs, the 737 homes are a kind of synthesis of the experiments of Candilis in Marocco and the city planning thinking of the team. The demolition planned in 2008 has been avoided and the Cité de l’Etoile has been labelled 20th century heritage. The rehabilitation project brings to light the contradictions of an highly conflicting situation. Between blind demolition and a well-thought out project of restoration the question of the safeguard of collective social housing complex of the second half of the 20th century is still waiting solutions.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Mass housing, Post-war housing, Cité de l’Etoile, French modern architecture, Candilis Josic and Woods, Opération Million.

Issue 54
Year 2016
Pages 22-27
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/54.A.EIFINC14

Abstract
The collective apartment building, Miremont-le-Crêt, in Geneva is the product of the inventiveness of the local architect Marc Joseph Saugey (1908–1971), who planned and built it between 1953 and 1957. Listed as a Cantonal monument in 2002, it is considered today an original and unique example, far beyond the context of Geneva. Recently, it has become the object of a large rehabilitation project, led by the Geneva-based architecture office, Meier+associés. Mainly focused on the building's envelope, the project also includes several technical improvements of some of its other components; all of them introduced with respect to Saugey's spirit and the building's existing substance.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Mass housing, Post-war housing, Miremont-le-Crêt, Marc Joseph Saugey, Swiss modern architecture.

Issue 54
Year 2016
Pages 16-21
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/54.A.3RW6ENPP

Abstract
The timeliness of swiss architect Georges Addor's oeuvre is indeed vast and heterogeneous. Illuminated by a few successful operations, which should be showcased as such, the picture is, however, highly nuanced, since many questionable conversions have hurriedly followed each other in recent years. The broader reflections on the methods and techniques of preservation of the contemporary heritage that emerge from the current relevance of Georges Addor's work appear to be decisive; extended to a broader production, they deserve to be addressed without delay

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Mass housing, Post-war housing, George Addor, Swiss modern architecture.

Issue 54
Year 2016
Pages 10-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/54.A.VCIQ8OP5

Abstract
The Plan of 1758 for the reconstruction of Lisbon's Baixa Pombalina followed principles of unparalleled efficiency and regularity. The grid of rectangular urban blocks with pre-designed street façades had a lasting impact on urban identity. Today, the original features of the blocks of flats allow renovation strategies that address changes in domestic life and present-day comfort demands: making use of alcoves and the enfilade to address intimacy; turning kitchens into social areas; using multiple entrances for flat division; introducing lifts according to staircase design. Recent renovations show how the flats' original features contribute to unconventional flexible layouts adapted to contemporary living.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Modern housing, Lisbon Baixa Pombalina, Adaptative architecture.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 66-73
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.FPR7AWLR

Abstract
Chelas is situated in the east of Lisbon and corresponds to the third and final phase of a large-scale planning operation that began in the late 1950s, covering an area of roughly 737 hectares, equivalent to 1/10 of the city’s total area. The Master Plan for Chelas, approved in 1964, was marked by the revision of the principles of modern planning and represents a landmark in town planning in Portugal. The protracted nature of the plan’s implementation and the failure to complete all of its programs seriously compromised the success of the presented proposal. This article proposes a reading of the ideological context that influenced its conception and design, as well as of the factors that conditioned its urbanization process.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Chelas Master Plan, Large-scale neighborhood.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 58-65
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.QO6VHVZQ

Abstract
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation headquarters and museum complex (1959–1969) headed a fundamental role in building science in Portugal, as it contributed to the accomplishment of a Modern Movement design committed with a high level of construction quality, showing that there was more beyond Modern Movement formalism. Inaugurated in 1969, it was designed to create a pleasant environment, providing prospects from inside at various angles to the grove of trees and the surrounding land. As a mega-structure designed under a multi-disciplinary design and construction team it achieved a high level of technical excellence and comfort, whilst beautifully linking the building and garden. Located in central Lisbon, within a park with an area of 7.5 ha, occupying an area of 25.000 m2, it was designed by the architects Alberto Pessoa (1919–1985), Pedro Cid (1925–1983) and Ruy Jevis d’Athouguia (1917–2006) with the collaboration of the landscape designers Ribeiro Barreto (1924–2013) and Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles (1922–). The construction gathered an international interdisciplinary team of specialists. The most up-to-date techniques were adopted, including reinforced and pre-stressed concrete in its construction. Some figures illustrate the volume of these buildings: 150,000 m3 of excavation, 45,000 m3 of concrete, 3,200 t of steel, 100 km of power cables, 50,000 m of air conditioning pipes and 3,500 kW of installed electrical capacity. The architectural design expresses the structure. The aim of having a dominant horizontal line that guaranteed the image of a low building hugging the land and the wish to emphasize the long slabs of concrete that constituted the visible image of the built complex called for a very creative structural concept. The impact that the complex has had and the way in which it has manifested the effectiveness of its qualities, such as formal sobriety and restraint, have confirmed the close relationship between the conception process and the construction site. With its garden it has created the very image of the prestige and innovation of the Foundation itself.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Brutalism, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Alberto Pessoa, Pedro Cid, Ruy Jevis d’Athouguia, Ribeiro Barreto, Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles, Modern monumentality.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 50-57
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.RBPU9PLO

Abstract
In the 1950s, when the social, aesthetic and technological assumptions of the Modern Movement seemed to be consolidated, there was hesitation in Portugal. Two possibilities were open to what could be viewed as post-war understanding of modernity. Some architects focused on the possible confrontation between the heritage of tradition and avant-garde proposals, in tune with the international movement. Others assimilated the universal appeal of the Modern Movement and aimed to operate within those contexts, facing the shortage of technological tools and of scarce theoretical production. Ruy Jervis d'Athouguia (1917–2006), an important Portuguese architect, belonged to the latter.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Ruy Jervis d'Athouguia, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Estacas Neighborhood, Modern schools.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 44-49
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.NKYD6IO5

Abstract
Infante Santo was idealized as a modern way of living in a modern avenue, within the existing city. This comprehensive project of city architecture, coordinated by the architect Alberto Pessoa (1919–1985) and built during the 1950s, embodies a site-specific attitude of cultural and urban continuity. During its planning and construction, this major urban project was first exhibited in Lisbon, in 1951, and then in Rome, 1955, London, 1956, Washington, 1958, Brussels, 1958, and also published in the French magazine L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, in 1960. Today, the absence of a strategy for approaching Infante Santo as a whole is compromising its adaptation for the future.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Infante Santo Avenue, Modern living, Alberto Pessoa.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 38-43
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.MDKGBNW8

Abstract
Cassiano Branco (1897-1970) belonged to the pioneer generation of modern Portuguese architects, who worked during the years of the dictatorship. During the 1930s, Cassiano produced an anti-conservative and eloquent architecture, contrasting with the guidelines of the regime. The discomfort about his personality came also from his ideological opposition to the government. Among his peers he has been considered “an exception to the rule”, working, mainly for private investors, on programs for rental housing, movie theaters and tourism facilities, which were built along the boulevards of Lisbon or in the natural and intact regional areas of Portugal.

Keywords
Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Lisbon modern architecture, Estado Novo, Modern urban planning, Cassiano Branco.

Issue 55
Year 2016
Pages 30-37
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.A.V6IT95OP